Isaac Newton, full name Sir Isaac Newton, was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He passed away on March 31, 1727, in Kensington, London. Renowned as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and author, Newton is often hailed as one of the most influential scientists in history, significantly shaping the Enlightenment and the scientific revolution.

In his early life, Newton was born prematurely and raised by his grandmother after his father died shortly before his birth. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he delved into mathematics and natural philosophy, laying the groundwork for his future groundbreaking discoveries. The Great Plague of 1665 led to the temporary closure of the university, during which Newton returned home and produced some of his most significant work, including the formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Newton's literary career is marked by several notable works, the most famous being "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687. This work not only laid the foundation for classical mechanics but also introduced the laws of motion and gravitation. His other significant contributions include "Opticks," where he explored the nature of light and color, and numerous mathematical treatises, which advanced calculus and numerical analysis.

In his personal life, Newton was known for his reclusive nature and intense focus on his work, often at the expense of social relationships. He never married and had few close friendships, dedicating his life to his studies and pursuits in science. Despite his solitary disposition, his legacy continues to influence various fields, establishing him as a pivotal figure in the history of science and mathematics.