Immanuel Kant, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, was born on April 22, 1724, in Königsberg, Prussia, now known as Kaliningrad, Russia. He spent his entire life in this city, which shaped much of his philosophical outlook. Kant died on February 12, 1804, in the same city, leaving behind a profound legacy that would influence countless areas of thought, including ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology.

Kant's early life was marked by a modest upbringing. He was the fourth of nine children in a family of harness makers. His parents emphasized education, and Kant attended the local university, where he was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers of the time. His studies focused on mathematics, physics, and philosophy, setting the foundation for his later intellectual pursuits.

Kant's literary career began in earnest in the 1760s, but it wasn't until the publication of "Critique of Pure Reason" in 1781 that he achieved widespread recognition. This work established him as a leading philosopher, introducing the concept of transcendental idealism, which posited that human experience is shaped by both sensory experience and rational thought. Other notable works include "Critique of Practical Reason," "Critique of Judgment," and "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals," each contributing significantly to moral philosophy and aesthetics.

In his personal life, Kant was known for his disciplined routine and solitary lifestyle. He never married and maintained a close relationship with his family and friends, though he often preferred solitude for contemplation. His rigorous intellectual discipline and commitment to reason shaped his worldview, fostering a belief in the importance of autonomy and moral duty. Kant's ideas continue to resonate, making him a central figure in the study of philosophy today.